pandas: paquete para análisis y manipulación de datos#
Descripción general#
pandas es una biblioteca de Python para análisis y manipulación de datos. Proporciona estructuras de datos y operaciones para manejar tablas numéricas y series temporales. Fue creada por Wes McKinney in 2008. El nombre “pandas” hace referencia tanto a “Panel Data” como a “Python Data Analysis”.
Como su estructura principal, pandas implementa el DataFrame, el cual es un arreglo rectangular de datos, organizado en filas y columnas.
Carga#
# Se acostumbra cargar pandas con el alias pd
import pandas as pd
Estructuras de datos#
Las dos principales estructuras de datos de pandas son Series y DataFrames.
Series#
Las Series son arreglos unidimensionales que contienen datos de cualquier tipo. Se asemejan a una columna de una tabla.
# Definición de una serie
primos = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
serie_primos = pd.Series(primos)
serie_primos
0 2
1 3
2 5
3 7
4 11
dtype: int64
Cada elemento de una serie tiene un índice (i.e. posición), comenzando con 0.
# Primer elemento
print("Primer elemento:", serie_primos[0])
# Segundo elemento
print("Segundo elemento:", serie_primos[1])
Primer elemento: 2
Segundo elemento: 3
Los índices también pueden tener etiquetas personalizadas.
# Índice de una serie con etiquetas personalizadas
serie_primos = pd.Series(primos, index = ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"])
serie_primos
A 2
B 3
C 5
D 7
E 11
dtype: int64
# Elemento en el índice "D"
print(serie_primos["D"])
7
DataFrames#
Los DataFrames son estructuras multidimensionales. Una serie puede verse como una columna de una tabla y un dataframe como una tabla completa. Un dataframe puede construirse a partir de varias series.
# Dataframe construído a partir de dos series
datos = {
"pais": ["PA", "CR", "NI"],
"poblacion": [4.1, 5.0, 6.6]
}
paises = pd.DataFrame(datos)
paises
| pais | poblacion | |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | PA | 4.1 |
| 1 | CR | 5.0 |
| 2 | NI | 6.6 |
El operador loc permite retornar una o más filas de un dataframe, de acuerdo con un índice o con un vector de índices.
# Segundo elemento
paises.loc[1]
pais CR
poblacion 5.0
Name: 1, dtype: object
# Segundo y tercer elemento
paises.loc[[1, 2]]
| pais | poblacion | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | CR | 5.0 |
| 2 | NI | 6.6 |
Los índices de los dataframes también pueden etiquetarse:
paises = pd.DataFrame(datos, index=["pais0", "pais1", "pais2"])
paises
| pais | poblacion | |
|---|---|---|
| pais0 | PA | 4.1 |
| pais1 | CR | 5.0 |
| pais2 | NI | 6.6 |
# Elemento en "pais0"
paises.loc["pais0"]
pais PA
poblacion 4.1
Name: pais0, dtype: object
Operaciones básicas#
Seguidamente, se describen y ejemplifican algunas de las funciones básicas de pandas.
En los siguientes ejemplos, se utilizará un conjunto de registros de presencia de félidos (familia Felidae) de Costa Rica, obtenido a través de una consulta al portal de GBIF.
read_csv() - carga de datos#
felidos = pd.read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pf0907-programacionsig/2023-ii/main/contenido/3/datos/gbif/felidos.csv", sep="\t")
info() - información general sobre un conjunto de datos#
felidos.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 240 entries, 0 to 239
Data columns (total 50 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 gbifID 240 non-null int64
1 datasetKey 240 non-null object
2 occurrenceID 236 non-null object
3 kingdom 240 non-null object
4 phylum 240 non-null object
5 class 240 non-null object
6 order 240 non-null object
7 family 240 non-null object
8 genus 240 non-null object
9 species 240 non-null object
10 infraspecificEpithet 20 non-null object
11 taxonRank 240 non-null object
12 scientificName 240 non-null object
13 verbatimScientificName 240 non-null object
14 verbatimScientificNameAuthorship 16 non-null object
15 countryCode 240 non-null object
16 locality 43 non-null object
17 stateProvince 220 non-null object
18 occurrenceStatus 240 non-null object
19 individualCount 26 non-null float64
20 publishingOrgKey 240 non-null object
21 decimalLatitude 240 non-null float64
22 decimalLongitude 240 non-null float64
23 coordinateUncertaintyInMeters 211 non-null float64
24 coordinatePrecision 9 non-null float64
25 elevation 3 non-null float64
26 elevationAccuracy 3 non-null float64
27 depth 3 non-null float64
28 depthAccuracy 3 non-null float64
29 eventDate 238 non-null object
30 day 237 non-null float64
31 month 238 non-null float64
32 year 238 non-null float64
33 taxonKey 240 non-null int64
34 speciesKey 240 non-null int64
35 basisOfRecord 240 non-null object
36 institutionCode 226 non-null object
37 collectionCode 240 non-null object
38 catalogNumber 240 non-null object
39 recordNumber 4 non-null object
40 identifiedBy 208 non-null object
41 dateIdentified 196 non-null object
42 license 240 non-null object
43 rightsHolder 221 non-null object
44 recordedBy 238 non-null object
45 typeStatus 0 non-null float64
46 establishmentMeans 10 non-null object
47 lastInterpreted 240 non-null object
48 mediaType 189 non-null object
49 issue 239 non-null object
dtypes: float64(13), int64(3), object(34)
memory usage: 93.9+ KB
head(), tail(), sample() - despliegue de filas de un conjunto de datos#
# Primeros 10 registros
felidos.head()
| gbifID | datasetKey | occurrenceID | kingdom | phylum | class | order | family | genus | species | ... | identifiedBy | dateIdentified | license | rightsHolder | recordedBy | typeStatus | establishmentMeans | lastInterpreted | mediaType | issue | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 891041333 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/519142 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus pardalis | ... | canopalma | 2014-02-03T15:52:21 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | canopalma | canopalma | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T11:04:07.725Z | StillImage | CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COORDINATES;TAXON_MATCH... |
| 1 | 865739381 | 5a659248-1f70-11e3-b2c5-00145eb45e9a | NaN | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | NaN | NaN | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | NaN | Ch. d’Eternod | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-07T05:24:57.940Z | NaN | GEODETIC_DATUM_ASSUMED_WGS84;CONTINENT_DERIVED... |
| 2 | 686473093 | 1d04e739-98a9-4e16-9970-8f8f3bf9e9e3 | 8f84e97e-1ed8-11e3-bfac-90b11c41863e | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | NaN | NaN | CC_BY_4_0 | NaN | NONE | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-27T15:55:14.109Z | NaN | NaN |
| 3 | 686389681 | 1d04e739-98a9-4e16-9970-8f8f3bf9e9e3 | 8b908ce8-1ed8-11e3-bfac-90b11c41863e | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus wiedii | ... | NaN | NaN | CC_BY_4_0 | NaN | WILLE A & DALY H V | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-27T15:55:25.123Z | NaN | COORDINATE_REPROJECTED |
| 4 | 476877127 | 4bfac3ea-8763-4f4b-a71a-76a6f5f243d3 | MCZ:Mamm:5720 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus pardalis | ... | [no agent data] | NaN | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | President and Fellows of Harvard College | William More Gabb | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T09:11:34.273Z | NaN | INSTITUTION_MATCH_FUZZY;COLLECTION_MATCH_FUZZY |
5 rows × 50 columns
# Últimos 15 registros
felidos.tail()
| gbifID | datasetKey | occurrenceID | kingdom | phylum | class | order | family | genus | species | ... | identifiedBy | dateIdentified | license | rightsHolder | recordedBy | typeStatus | establishmentMeans | lastInterpreted | mediaType | issue | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 235 | 1099959663 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1579688 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus wiedii | ... | Paul Cools | 2015-06-02T21:02:44 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | Paul Cools | Paul Cools | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T12:35:00.972Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
| 236 | 1065425532 | 7a25f7aa-03fb-4322-aaeb-66719e1a9527 | f8c4ccc9-c76f-4521-8c6d-29d2f53b0cde | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus pardalis | ... | NaN | NaN | CC0_1_0 | NaN | USACR | NaN | Native | 2023-09-27T16:01:51.943Z | NaN | CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COORDINATES |
| 237 | 1065409370 | 7a25f7aa-03fb-4322-aaeb-66719e1a9527 | ce36f65e-ddc4-45d3-97c5-f234a98fc63a | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Puma | Puma concolor | ... | NaN | NaN | CC0_1_0 | NaN | Ashcraft, G P | NaN | Native | 2023-09-27T16:01:46.022Z | NaN | COORDINATE_REPROJECTED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_... |
| 238 | 1065381796 | 7a25f7aa-03fb-4322-aaeb-66719e1a9527 | 852a18e6-31bb-4d4f-b469-22fbe870476f | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Puma | Puma concolor | ... | NaN | NaN | CC0_1_0 | NaN | Starrett, A | NaN | Native | 2023-09-27T16:02:15.389Z | NaN | COORDINATE_REPROJECTED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_... |
| 239 | 1065369705 | 7a25f7aa-03fb-4322-aaeb-66719e1a9527 | 655d8c87-8055-4ac6-a737-c87bb0c2e875 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus pardalis | ... | NaN | NaN | CC0_1_0 | NaN | USACR | NaN | Native | 2023-09-27T16:01:28.386Z | NaN | CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COORDINATES |
5 rows × 50 columns
# 5 registros seleccionados aleatoriamente
felidos.sample(5)
| gbifID | datasetKey | occurrenceID | kingdom | phylum | class | order | family | genus | species | ... | identifiedBy | dateIdentified | license | rightsHolder | recordedBy | typeStatus | establishmentMeans | lastInterpreted | mediaType | issue | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 239 | 1065369705 | 7a25f7aa-03fb-4322-aaeb-66719e1a9527 | 655d8c87-8055-4ac6-a737-c87bb0c2e875 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus pardalis | ... | NaN | NaN | CC0_1_0 | NaN | USACR | NaN | Native | 2023-09-27T16:01:28.386Z | NaN | CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COORDINATES |
| 230 | 1291166642 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/630251 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus pardalis | ... | Esmeralda Arevalo Huezo | 2014-04-18T17:05:51 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | Esmeralda Arevalo Huezo | Esmeralda Arevalo Huezo | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T12:34:44.651Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
| 132 | 2992845866 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65864190 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus pardalis | ... | caiman90 | 2020-11-30T10:21:25 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | Caminos Amigables con Felinos-Panthera | Caminos Amigables con Felinos-Panthera | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T13:04:12.630Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
| 27 | 4175829179 | 6ac3f774-d9fb-4796-b3e9-92bf6c81c084 | NaN | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus pardalis | ... | NaN | NaN | CC_BY_4_0 | NaN | 177731058 | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-02T16:27:50.462Z | NaN | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;GEODETIC_DATUM_ASSUMED_WGS8... |
| 34 | 4153859941 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17111... | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | tblakehudson | 2023-07-04T23:34:19 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | tblakehudson | tblakehudson | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T12:28:01.624Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
5 rows × 50 columns
Los contenidos de un data frame también pueden desplegarse al escribir su nombre en la consola de Python.
felidos
| gbifID | datasetKey | occurrenceID | kingdom | phylum | class | order | family | genus | species | ... | identifiedBy | dateIdentified | license | rightsHolder | recordedBy | typeStatus | establishmentMeans | lastInterpreted | mediaType | issue | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 891041333 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/519142 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus pardalis | ... | canopalma | 2014-02-03T15:52:21 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | canopalma | canopalma | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T11:04:07.725Z | StillImage | CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COORDINATES;TAXON_MATCH... |
| 1 | 865739381 | 5a659248-1f70-11e3-b2c5-00145eb45e9a | NaN | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | NaN | NaN | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | NaN | Ch. d’Eternod | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-07T05:24:57.940Z | NaN | GEODETIC_DATUM_ASSUMED_WGS84;CONTINENT_DERIVED... |
| 2 | 686473093 | 1d04e739-98a9-4e16-9970-8f8f3bf9e9e3 | 8f84e97e-1ed8-11e3-bfac-90b11c41863e | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | NaN | NaN | CC_BY_4_0 | NaN | NONE | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-27T15:55:14.109Z | NaN | NaN |
| 3 | 686389681 | 1d04e739-98a9-4e16-9970-8f8f3bf9e9e3 | 8b908ce8-1ed8-11e3-bfac-90b11c41863e | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus wiedii | ... | NaN | NaN | CC_BY_4_0 | NaN | WILLE A & DALY H V | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-27T15:55:25.123Z | NaN | COORDINATE_REPROJECTED |
| 4 | 476877127 | 4bfac3ea-8763-4f4b-a71a-76a6f5f243d3 | MCZ:Mamm:5720 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus pardalis | ... | [no agent data] | NaN | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | President and Fellows of Harvard College | William More Gabb | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T09:11:34.273Z | NaN | INSTITUTION_MATCH_FUZZY;COLLECTION_MATCH_FUZZY |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 235 | 1099959663 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1579688 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus wiedii | ... | Paul Cools | 2015-06-02T21:02:44 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | Paul Cools | Paul Cools | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T12:35:00.972Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
| 236 | 1065425532 | 7a25f7aa-03fb-4322-aaeb-66719e1a9527 | f8c4ccc9-c76f-4521-8c6d-29d2f53b0cde | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus pardalis | ... | NaN | NaN | CC0_1_0 | NaN | USACR | NaN | Native | 2023-09-27T16:01:51.943Z | NaN | CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COORDINATES |
| 237 | 1065409370 | 7a25f7aa-03fb-4322-aaeb-66719e1a9527 | ce36f65e-ddc4-45d3-97c5-f234a98fc63a | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Puma | Puma concolor | ... | NaN | NaN | CC0_1_0 | NaN | Ashcraft, G P | NaN | Native | 2023-09-27T16:01:46.022Z | NaN | COORDINATE_REPROJECTED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_... |
| 238 | 1065381796 | 7a25f7aa-03fb-4322-aaeb-66719e1a9527 | 852a18e6-31bb-4d4f-b469-22fbe870476f | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Puma | Puma concolor | ... | NaN | NaN | CC0_1_0 | NaN | Starrett, A | NaN | Native | 2023-09-27T16:02:15.389Z | NaN | COORDINATE_REPROJECTED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_... |
| 239 | 1065369705 | 7a25f7aa-03fb-4322-aaeb-66719e1a9527 | 655d8c87-8055-4ac6-a737-c87bb0c2e875 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Leopardus | Leopardus pardalis | ... | NaN | NaN | CC0_1_0 | NaN | USACR | NaN | Native | 2023-09-27T16:01:28.386Z | NaN | CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COORDINATES |
240 rows × 50 columns
Selección de columnas#
Las columnas que se despliegan en un data frame pueden especificarse mediante una lista.
# Despliegue de las columnas con el nombre científico, la especie, la fecha, el año, el mes y el día
felidos[["scientificName", "species", "eventDate", "year", "month", "day"]]
| scientificName | species | eventDate | year | month | day | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Leopardus pardalis | 2014-02-01T00:00:00 | 2014.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 |
| 1 | Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) | Panthera onca | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
| 2 | Panthera onca centralis (Mearns, 1901) | Panthera onca | 1993-06-10T00:00:00 | 1993.0 | 6.0 | 10.0 |
| 3 | Leopardus wiedii nicaraguae (J.A.Allen, 1919) | Leopardus wiedii | 1954-03-12T00:00:00 | 1954.0 | 3.0 | 12.0 |
| 4 | Felis pardalis mearnsi J.A.Allen, 1904 | Leopardus pardalis | 1839-01-01T00:00:00 | 1839.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 235 | Leopardus wiedii (Schinz, 1821) | Leopardus wiedii | 2015-03-02T13:02:01 | 2015.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 |
| 236 | Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Leopardus pardalis | 1963-04-30T00:00:00 | 1963.0 | 4.0 | 30.0 |
| 237 | Puma concolor costaricensis (Merriam, 1901) | Puma concolor | 1939-03-25T00:00:00 | 1939.0 | 3.0 | 25.0 |
| 238 | Puma concolor costaricensis (Merriam, 1901) | Puma concolor | 1970-08-05T00:00:00 | 1970.0 | 8.0 | 5.0 |
| 239 | Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Leopardus pardalis | 1964-10-06T00:00:00 | 1964.0 | 10.0 | 6.0 |
240 rows × 6 columns
Selección de filas#
# Selección de filas correspondientes a jaguares (*Panthera onca*)
jaguares = felidos[felidos["species"] == "Panthera onca"]
# Despliegue de los primeros registros
jaguares.head()
| gbifID | datasetKey | occurrenceID | kingdom | phylum | class | order | family | genus | species | ... | identifiedBy | dateIdentified | license | rightsHolder | recordedBy | typeStatus | establishmentMeans | lastInterpreted | mediaType | issue | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 865739381 | 5a659248-1f70-11e3-b2c5-00145eb45e9a | NaN | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | NaN | NaN | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | NaN | Ch. d’Eternod | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-07T05:24:57.940Z | NaN | GEODETIC_DATUM_ASSUMED_WGS84;CONTINENT_DERIVED... |
| 2 | 686473093 | 1d04e739-98a9-4e16-9970-8f8f3bf9e9e3 | 8f84e97e-1ed8-11e3-bfac-90b11c41863e | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | NaN | NaN | CC_BY_4_0 | NaN | NONE | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-27T15:55:14.109Z | NaN | NaN |
| 31 | 4171286329 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61603132 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | Jaime Marcelo Aranda Sánchez | 2020-10-03T23:25:53 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | Julio Barquero Elizondo | Julio Barquero Elizondo | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T11:38:24.349Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
| 33 | 4153929710 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17156... | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | mathieu_fr | 2023-07-07T15:16:02 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | mathieu_fr | mathieu_fr | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T13:59:24.290Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
| 34 | 4153859941 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17111... | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | tblakehudson | 2023-07-04T23:34:19 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | tblakehudson | tblakehudson | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T12:28:01.624Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
5 rows × 50 columns
# Selección de filas correspondientes a jaguares (*Panthera onca*) o pumas (*Puma concolor*)
jaguares_pumas = felidos[(felidos["species"] == "Panthera onca") | (felidos["species"] == "Puma concolor")]
# Despliegue de los primeros registros
jaguares_pumas.head(10)
| gbifID | datasetKey | occurrenceID | kingdom | phylum | class | order | family | genus | species | ... | identifiedBy | dateIdentified | license | rightsHolder | recordedBy | typeStatus | establishmentMeans | lastInterpreted | mediaType | issue | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 865739381 | 5a659248-1f70-11e3-b2c5-00145eb45e9a | NaN | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | NaN | NaN | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | NaN | Ch. d’Eternod | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-07T05:24:57.940Z | NaN | GEODETIC_DATUM_ASSUMED_WGS84;CONTINENT_DERIVED... |
| 2 | 686473093 | 1d04e739-98a9-4e16-9970-8f8f3bf9e9e3 | 8f84e97e-1ed8-11e3-bfac-90b11c41863e | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | NaN | NaN | CC_BY_4_0 | NaN | NONE | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-27T15:55:14.109Z | NaN | NaN |
| 16 | 4413373003 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17394... | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Puma | Puma concolor | ... | Roberto R. Calderón | 2023-08-19T01:20:33 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | elliehawcutt | elliehawcutt | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T14:01:11.503Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
| 23 | 439779436 | 7e2989f0-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a | NaN | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Puma | Puma concolor | ... | NaN | NaN | CC_BY_4_0 | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T05:11:25.145Z | StillImage | GEODETIC_DATUM_ASSUMED_WGS84;CONTINENT_DERIVED... |
| 26 | 4177109271 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17752... | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Puma | Puma concolor | ... | Gabriel | 2023-08-09T16:21:16 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | Gabriel | Gabriel | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T14:09:23.399Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
| 31 | 4171286329 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61603132 | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | Jaime Marcelo Aranda Sánchez | 2020-10-03T23:25:53 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | Julio Barquero Elizondo | Julio Barquero Elizondo | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T11:38:24.349Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
| 33 | 4153929710 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17156... | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | mathieu_fr | 2023-07-07T15:16:02 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | mathieu_fr | mathieu_fr | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T13:59:24.290Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
| 34 | 4153859941 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17111... | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | tblakehudson | 2023-07-04T23:34:19 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | tblakehudson | tblakehudson | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T12:28:01.624Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
| 36 | 4138179870 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/16855... | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Panthera | Panthera onca | ... | Michelle Monge-Velazquez | 2023-06-20T21:54:33 | CC_BY_4_0 | Michelle Monge-Velazquez | Michelle Monge-Velazquez | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T12:26:39.208Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
| 38 | 4134168570 | 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7 | https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/16693... | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Felidae | Puma | Puma concolor | ... | treerescie | 2023-06-12T04:29:04 | CC_BY_NC_4_0 | treerescie | treerescie | NaN | NaN | 2023-09-28T12:25:51.867Z | StillImage | COORDINATE_ROUNDED;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COOR... |
10 rows × 50 columns
Operaciones de análisis#
Graficación#
Carga de bibliotecas#
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # biblioteca de graficación
import calendar # biblioteca para manejo de fechas
Ejemplos de gráficos#
Distribución de registros de presencia por año#
# Cambio del tipo de datos del campo de fecha
felidos["eventDate"] = pd.to_datetime(felidos["eventDate"])
# Agrupación de los registros por año
felidos_registros_x_anio = felidos.groupby(felidos['eventDate'].dt.year).count().eventDate
felidos_registros_x_anio
eventDate
1839.0 6
1928.0 2
1931.0 1
1932.0 2
1933.0 1
1939.0 1
1954.0 2
1958.0 1
1963.0 2
1964.0 1
1965.0 2
1967.0 2
1970.0 1
1993.0 2
2002.0 2
2003.0 1
2005.0 1
2007.0 1
2008.0 1
2009.0 7
2010.0 3
2011.0 3
2012.0 6
2013.0 7
2014.0 4
2015.0 10
2016.0 9
2017.0 15
2018.0 6
2019.0 22
2020.0 25
2021.0 26
2022.0 34
2023.0 29
Name: eventDate, dtype: int64
# Tipo de datos retornado
type(felidos_registros_x_anio)
pandas.core.series.Series
# Conversión de series a dataframe
felidos_registros_x_anio_df = pd.DataFrame({'anio':felidos_registros_x_anio.index, 'registros':felidos_registros_x_anio.values})
# Conversión del tipo de la columna de año
felidos_registros_x_anio_df["anio"] = pd.to_numeric(felidos_registros_x_anio_df["anio"], downcast='integer')
felidos_registros_x_anio_df
| anio | registros | |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1839 | 6 |
| 1 | 1928 | 2 |
| 2 | 1931 | 1 |
| 3 | 1932 | 2 |
| 4 | 1933 | 1 |
| 5 | 1939 | 1 |
| 6 | 1954 | 2 |
| 7 | 1958 | 1 |
| 8 | 1963 | 2 |
| 9 | 1964 | 1 |
| 10 | 1965 | 2 |
| 11 | 1967 | 2 |
| 12 | 1970 | 1 |
| 13 | 1993 | 2 |
| 14 | 2002 | 2 |
| 15 | 2003 | 1 |
| 16 | 2005 | 1 |
| 17 | 2007 | 1 |
| 18 | 2008 | 1 |
| 19 | 2009 | 7 |
| 20 | 2010 | 3 |
| 21 | 2011 | 3 |
| 22 | 2012 | 6 |
| 23 | 2013 | 7 |
| 24 | 2014 | 4 |
| 25 | 2015 | 10 |
| 26 | 2016 | 9 |
| 27 | 2017 | 15 |
| 28 | 2018 | 6 |
| 29 | 2019 | 22 |
| 30 | 2020 | 25 |
| 31 | 2021 | 26 |
| 32 | 2022 | 34 |
| 33 | 2023 | 29 |
# Graficación
felidos_registros_x_anio_df.plot(x='anio', y='registros', kind='bar', figsize=(12,7), color='red')
# Título y leyendas en los ejes
plt.title('Registros de presencia de Felidae (félidos) en Costa Rica por año', fontsize=20)
plt.xlabel('Año', fontsize=16)
plt.ylabel('Cantidad de registros', fontsize=16)
Text(0, 0.5, 'Cantidad de registros')
Distribución de registros de presencia por mes#
# Agrupación de los registros por mes
felidos_registros_x_mes = felidos.groupby(felidos['eventDate'].dt.month).count().eventDate
felidos_registros_x_mes
eventDate
1.0 36
2.0 23
3.0 32
4.0 19
5.0 17
6.0 20
7.0 23
8.0 15
9.0 12
10.0 12
11.0 8
12.0 21
Name: eventDate, dtype: int64
# Reemplazo del número del mes por el nombre del mes
felidos_registros_x_mes.index=[calendar.month_name[x] for x in range(1,13)]
felidos_registros_x_mes
January 36
February 23
March 32
April 19
May 17
June 20
July 23
August 15
September 12
October 12
November 8
December 21
Name: eventDate, dtype: int64
# Cambio de los nombres de los meses a español
nombres_meses = ['Enero', 'Febrero', 'Marzo', 'Abril', 'Mayo', 'Junio', 'Julio', 'Agosto', 'Septiembre', 'Octubre', 'Noviembre', 'Diciembre']
felidos_registros_x_mes.index = nombres_meses
felidos_registros_x_mes
Enero 36
Febrero 23
Marzo 32
Abril 19
Mayo 17
Junio 20
Julio 23
Agosto 15
Septiembre 12
Octubre 12
Noviembre 8
Diciembre 21
Name: eventDate, dtype: int64
# Gráfico de barras
felidos_registros_x_mes.plot(kind='bar',figsize=(12,7), color='blue', alpha=0.5)
# Título y leyendas en los ejes
plt.title('Registros de presencia de Felidae (félidos) en Costa Rica por mes', fontsize=20)
plt.xlabel('Mes', fontsize=16)
plt.ylabel('Cantidad de registros', fontsize=16);
Graficación en una línea de tiempo#
# Agrupación de los registros por fecha
registros_x_fecha = felidos.groupby(felidos['eventDate'].dt.date).count().eventDate
registros_x_fecha
eventDate
1839-01-01 6
1928-01-01 2
1931-05-29 1
1932-01-01 1
1932-06-01 1
..
2023-07-05 1
2023-07-13 1
2023-07-22 1
2023-07-25 1
2023-08-13 1
Name: eventDate, Length: 216, dtype: int64
# Gráfico de líneas
registros_x_fecha.plot(figsize=(20,8), color='blue')
# Título y leyendas en los ejes
plt.title('Registros de presencia de Felidae (félidos) en Costa Rica por fecha', fontsize=20)
plt.xlabel('Fecha',fontsize=16)
plt.ylabel('Cantidad de registros',fontsize=16);
plt.legend()
<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x7f023b239cd0>
